/* Platforms Code foundations: official DGA guide v1.0 (2024-11).
   SA 50 #F3FCF9, SA 700 #16644A, gray 50/200/600/900; IBM Plex Sans Arabic.
   A personal-site adaptation, not a government identity or certification. */
:root{--copper:#946334;--control-ink:#112d31;--control-bg:#fff;--control-border:#b8c2be;--control-accent:#16644a}
html{scroll-padding-top:160px}
header .nav{flex-wrap:wrap}
.display-toolbar{border-top:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff}
.display-toolbar-inner{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;min-height:62px;padding-block:8px}
.theme-picker{display:flex;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;font-size:.8125rem}
.theme-picker-label{margin-inline-end:6px;color:#475467}
.theme-picker button,.accessibility-open{min-height:44px;border:1px solid var(--control-border);background:var(--control-bg);color:var(--control-ink);border-radius:6px;padding:8px 14px;cursor:pointer;font-size:.8125rem;line-height:1.5}
.theme-picker button[aria-pressed=true]{background:var(--ink);border-color:var(--ink);color:#fff;box-shadow:inset 0 -3px 0 var(--copper)}
.theme-picker button:hover,.accessibility-open:hover{border-color:#16644a}
.accessibility-open{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-shrink:0}
.accessibility-open svg{width:20px;height:20px;flex-shrink:0}
.sr-only{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip-path:inset(50%);white-space:nowrap;border:0}
.language-switch,.nav-contact,nav a{min-height:44px;display:inline-flex;align-items:center}
nav a{padding-inline:3px}
.skip:focus{top:8px;inset-inline-start:8px;z-index:100;outline:3px solid #16644a;color:#112d31}
:where(a,button,summary,input):focus-visible{outline:3px solid #16644a;outline-offset:4px}
.research-filters button{min-height:44px}
.research-filters button.active{box-shadow:inset 0 -3px 0 var(--copper)}
.research-count{font-size:.8125rem;color:var(--muted);margin:16px 0 0}
/* Native modal: keyboard focus stays inside; Escape closes and focus returns. */
.accessibility-dialog{box-sizing:border-box;width:min(460px,calc(100% - 32px));max-height:calc(100dvh - 32px);margin:auto;padding:26px;border:1px solid #d0d5dd;border-radius:14px;background:#fff;color:#101828;overflow:auto;overscroll-behavior:contain;box-shadow:0 24px 60px #0004;line-height:1.7;font-family:'IBM Plex Sans Arabic',Arial,sans-serif}
html[lang=en] .accessibility-dialog{font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif}
.accessibility-dialog::backdrop{background:#10182899}
.dialog-heading{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px;margin-bottom:16px}
.dialog-heading h2{font-family:inherit;font-size:1.375rem;line-height:1.5;margin:0;letter-spacing:0}
.dialog-close{border:1px solid #d0d5dd;background:#fff;border-radius:6px;color:#101828;cursor:pointer;min-width:44px;min-height:44px;font-size:1.5rem;flex-shrink:0;line-height:1}
.preferences-note{font-size:.875rem;color:#475467;margin-bottom:24px}
.text-size-group{margin:0 0 24px;padding:16px;border:1px solid #d0d5dd;border-radius:8px;min-width:0}
.text-size-group legend{font-size:1rem;font-weight:600;padding-inline:6px}
.text-size-controls{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:16px}
.text-size-controls button{border:1px solid #98a2b3;background:#f9fafb;color:#101828;font-size:1rem;border-radius:6px;min-height:44px;min-width:54px;cursor:pointer}
.text-size-controls button:disabled{opacity:.5;cursor:default}
.text-size-controls output{font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:600}
.text-size-group input{width:100%;height:32px;accent-color:#16644a;cursor:pointer}
.scale-limits{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;direction:ltr;font-size:.75rem;color:#475467}
.accessibility-options{display:grid;gap:10px}
.accessibility-option{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;min-height:50px;padding:10px 12px;border:1px solid #d0d5dd;border-radius:6px;cursor:pointer;font-size:.9375rem}
.accessibility-option input{width:22px;height:22px;accent-color:#16644a;flex-shrink:0;cursor:pointer}
.accessibility-reset{margin-top:24px;min-height:44px;border:1px solid #98a2b3;background:#fff;color:#101828;padding:10px 14px;border-radius:6px;cursor:pointer;font-size:.875rem;width:100%}
.accessibility-help{font-size:.8125rem;color:#475467;margin:20px 0 0}
.accessibility-help a{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}
#accessibility-status{font-size:.8125rem;margin:8px 0 0}
/* A second layout, using official foundation colors, spacing and UI patterns. */
html[data-theme=platforms]{--ink:#101828;--muted:#475467;--paper:#fff;--copper:#16644a;--line:#eaecf0;--serif:'IBM Plex Sans Arabic',Arial,sans-serif}
html[data-theme=platforms] body{font-family:'IBM Plex Sans Arabic',Arial,sans-serif;color:#101828;background:#fff}
html[data-theme=platforms] header{background:#fff;backdrop-filter:none;border-top:4px solid #16644a;border-bottom:1px solid #d0d5dd}
html[data-theme=platforms] .brand-mark{transform:none;background:#f3fcf9;border:1px solid #bbe8d6;border-radius:8px;color:#16644a;font-family:inherit}
html[data-theme=platforms] .brand{color:#101828}
html[data-theme=platforms] .brand small{color:#475467}
html[data-theme=platforms] nav a:hover{color:#16644a;background:#f3fcf9;border-radius:4px}
html[data-theme=platforms] .display-toolbar{background:#f9fafb}
html[data-theme=platforms] .theme-picker button[aria-pressed=true]{background:#16644a;border-color:#16644a;box-shadow:inset 0 -3px 0 #fff8}
html[data-theme=platforms] .hero{background:#f3fcf9;border-bottom:1px solid #eaecf0}
html[data-theme=platforms] .hero-grid{min-height:560px;padding-block:56px;gap:64px}
html[data-theme=platforms] .hero-copy{text-align:start}
html[data-theme=platforms] .eyebrow{color:#16644a;font-size:.8125rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .intro{font-size:1rem;color:#344054;margin-block:24px 16px}
html[data-theme=platforms] h1{font-family:'IBM Plex Sans Arabic',Arial,sans-serif;font-size:clamp(2.25rem,4vw,3.25rem);line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0}
html[data-theme=platforms] h2{font-family:'IBM Plex Sans Arabic',Arial,sans-serif;font-size:2rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0}
html[data-theme=platforms] h2>span{color:#475467}
html[data-theme=platforms] .hero-desc{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.9;color:#475467}
html[data-theme=platforms] .button{border-radius:6px;min-height:48px;font-size:.875rem;padding:12px 20px;gap:20px;font-weight:500}
html[data-theme=platforms] .primary{background:#16644a;color:#fff;border:1px solid #16644a}
html[data-theme=platforms] .primary:hover{background:#104531;transform:none}
html[data-theme=platforms] .ghost{background:#fff;border-color:#d0d5dd}
html[data-theme=platforms] .ghost:hover{background:#f9fafb;transform:none}
html[data-theme=platforms] .affiliation{font-size:.875rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .affiliation small{font-size:.75rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .aff-label{font-size:.75rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .portrait-scene{min-height:390px}
html[data-theme=platforms] .orbit,html[data-theme=platforms] .scene-coordinate,html[data-theme=platforms] .scene-index{display:none}
html[data-theme=platforms] .portrait-frame{border:6px solid #fff;outline:1px solid #d0d5dd;box-shadow:0 12px 30px #10182814}
html[data-theme=platforms] .portrait-caption{border:1px solid #d0d5dd;border-radius:8px;background:#fff;bottom:0;left:auto;inset-inline-end:0;padding:16px 24px;box-shadow:0 4px 12px #1018280a}
html[data-theme=platforms] .portrait-caption span{font-family:inherit;font-size:1rem;font-weight:600}
html[data-theme=platforms] .portrait-caption small{font-size:.75rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .hero-bottom{font-size:.8125rem;color:#475467}
html[data-theme=platforms] .section{padding-block:72px}
html[data-theme=platforms] .section-label{font-size:.875rem;font-weight:500;color:#16644a;margin-bottom:32px}
html[data-theme=platforms] .section-label span{font-size:.75rem;background:#f3fcf9;border-color:#bbe8d6;border-radius:4px;color:#16644a;padding:2px 8px}
html[data-theme=platforms] .about-grid{gap:64px}
html[data-theme=platforms] .about-grid p:not(.lead),html[data-theme=platforms] .project-body>p{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.9}
html[data-theme=platforms] .lead{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.8}
html[data-theme=platforms] .tags span{font-size:.8125rem;border-radius:4px;background:#f9fafb;padding:4px 12px}
html[data-theme=platforms] .impact{background:#f9fafb;color:#101828;border-block:1px solid #eaecf0}
html[data-theme=platforms] .section-heading>p{font-size:.9375rem;color:#475467}
html[data-theme=platforms] .metrics{gap:20px}
html[data-theme=platforms] .metrics>div{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d0d5dd!important;border-radius:8px;padding:24px!important}
html[data-theme=platforms] .metrics strong{font-family:inherit;font-weight:600;color:#16644a;font-size:3rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .metrics h3{font-size:1rem;color:#101828;line-height:1.7}
html[data-theme=platforms] .metrics p{font-size:.875rem;color:#475467;max-width:none}
html[data-theme=platforms] .source-note{font-size:.75rem;color:#475467}
html[data-theme=platforms] .project-list{border:0;display:grid;gap:16px}
html[data-theme=platforms] details{border:1px solid #d0d5dd;border-radius:8px;background:#fff;padding-inline:24px}
html[data-theme=platforms] details[open]{border-color:#16644a}
html[data-theme=platforms] .project-title{font-family:inherit;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:600}
html[data-theme=platforms] .project-title small{font-family:inherit;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:400;color:#475467}
html[data-theme=platforms] .project-category{font-size:.8125rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .project-number{font-size:.8125rem;color:#16644a}
html[data-theme=platforms] .plus{color:#16644a}
html[data-theme=platforms] .project-visual{color:#16644a}
html[data-theme=platforms] .journey{background:#f9fafb;border-block:1px solid #eaecf0}
html[data-theme=platforms] .journey-grid>div>p{font-size:1rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .timeline article:before{box-shadow:0 0 0 5px #f9fafb}
html[data-theme=platforms] .timeline article>span{font-size:.8125rem;color:#16644a}
html[data-theme=platforms] .timeline h3{font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:600}
html[data-theme=platforms] .timeline p{font-size:.9375rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .text-link{font-size:.9375rem;color:#16644a}
html[data-theme=platforms] .research-filters button{font-size:.875rem;border-radius:6px;padding:10px 16px}
html[data-theme=platforms] .research-filters button.active{background:#16644a;color:#fff}
html[data-theme=platforms] .papers{gap:24px;margin-top:24px}
html[data-theme=platforms] .papers article{padding:24px;border:1px solid #d0d5dd;border-radius:8px;background:#fff}
html[data-theme=platforms] .papers article>span{color:#16644a;font-size:.8125rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .papers h3{font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:500}
html[data-theme=platforms] .papers p{font-size:.9375rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .research-note{font-size:.8125rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .credentials{gap:24px;padding-top:32px}
html[data-theme=platforms] .credentials>div{background:#f9fafb;border:1px solid #eaecf0;border-radius:8px;padding:24px}
html[data-theme=platforms] .credentials h3{font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:600}
html[data-theme=platforms] .credentials p{font-size:.9375rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .contact{background:#f3fcf9;border-top:1px solid #bbe8d6}
html[data-theme=platforms] .contact h2{font-size:2.25rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .contact-grid>div>p:not(.eyebrow){font-size:1rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .contact-links>a,html[data-theme=platforms] .contact-links>button{font-size:1rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .contact-links small{font-size:.8125rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] .contact-links>a>span:last-child,html[data-theme=platforms] .contact-links>button>span:last-child{color:#16644a}
html[data-theme=platforms] footer{font-size:.8125rem}
html[data-theme=platforms] footer small{font-size:.75rem}
/* Text scaling uses rem sizes, with reflow rather than clipped fixed boxes. */
html[data-large-text=true] header{position:relative}
html[data-large-text=true] .nav{padding-block:16px;gap:16px}
html[data-large-text=true] .nav nav{flex-wrap:wrap}
html[data-large-text=true] .brand{flex:1 1 260px}
html[data-large-text=true] .brand-mark{flex-shrink:0}
html[data-large-text=true] .hero-grid,html[data-large-text=true] .about-grid,html[data-large-text=true] .journey-grid,html[data-large-text=true] .contact-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:40px;min-height:0}
html[data-large-text=true] .hero-copy{text-align:start}
html[data-large-text=true] h1{font-size:3rem;overflow-wrap:anywhere}
html[data-large-text=true] h2{font-size:2.25rem;overflow-wrap:anywhere}
html[data-large-text=true] .hero-desc{max-width:none}
html[data-large-text=true] .portrait-scene{max-width:480px;width:100%;margin-inline:auto}
html[data-large-text=true] .portrait-caption{position:relative;inset:auto;bottom:auto;left:auto;margin-top:24px;max-width:100%;overflow-wrap:anywhere}
html[data-large-text=true] .portrait-scene{flex-direction:column;padding-block:30px}
html[data-large-text=true] .scene-coordinate,html[data-large-text=true] .scene-index,html[data-large-text=true] .orbit{display:none}
html[data-large-text=true] .metrics,html[data-large-text=true] .papers,html[data-large-text=true] .credentials{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}
html[data-large-text=true] .section-heading{display:block}
html[data-large-text=true] summary{grid-template-columns:1fr auto}
html[data-large-text=true] .project-number{display:none}
html[data-large-text=true] .project-category{grid-column:1;grid-row:2}
html[data-large-text=true] .plus{grid-column:2;grid-row:1}
html[data-large-text=true] .project-body{padding:0 0 24px}
html[data-large-text=true] .project-visual{display:none}
html[data-large-text=true] .metrics>div{min-width:0;padding:20px!important}
html[data-large-text=true] .affiliation{flex-wrap:wrap;text-align:start;justify-content:flex-start}
html[data-large-text=true] .affiliation p{min-width:0}
html[data-large-text=true] .theme-picker button{white-space:normal}
html[data-large-text=true] .display-toolbar-inner{align-items:stretch;flex-wrap:wrap}
html[data-large-text=true] .theme-picker{flex:1 1 100%}
html[data-large-text=true] .hero-bottom{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px}
html[data-large-text=true] .credentials>div{display:block}
/* User-selected visual support. These controls complement semantic HTML. */
html[data-underline=true] a:not(.brand){text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:.22em;text-decoration-thickness:1px}
html[data-motion=true]{scroll-behavior:auto}
html[data-motion=true] *,html[data-motion=true] *:before,html[data-motion=true] *:after{animation:none!important;transition:none!important;scroll-behavior:auto!important}
html[data-motion=true] .button:hover{transform:none}
html[data-contrast=true]{--ink:#fff;--muted:#fff;--paper:#000;--copper:#ffeb3b;--line:#fff}
html[data-contrast=true] body,html[data-contrast=true] body *:not(img):not(svg):not(path):not(circle){color:#fff!important;background-color:#000!important;border-color:#fff!important;background-image:none!important;box-shadow:none!important}
html[data-contrast=true] a,html[data-contrast=true] a *{color:#ffeb3b!important}
html[data-contrast=true] button[aria-pressed=true],html[data-contrast=true] .research-filters button.active{outline:2px solid #ffeb3b;outline-offset:-4px}
html[data-contrast=true] :where(a,button,summary,input):focus-visible{outline:3px solid #ffeb3b!important;outline-offset:4px}
html[data-contrast=true] input{accent-color:#ffeb3b!important}
html[data-contrast=true] input[type=range]{background:#fff!important}
html[data-contrast=true] .portrait-frame img{filter:none}
html[data-contrast=true] .skip:focus{color:#ffeb3b!important}
@media(max-width:1050px){html[data-theme=platforms] .hero-grid{gap:32px}html[data-theme=platforms] .metrics{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}
@media(max-width:760px){html{scroll-padding-top:170px}.display-toolbar-inner{gap:8px}.theme-picker{gap:6px}.theme-picker-label{display:none}.theme-picker button,.accessibility-open{font-size:.75rem;padding:8px 10px}.accessibility-open{gap:6px}.accessibility-open svg{width:18px;height:18px}html[data-theme=platforms] .hero-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:24px;padding-block:40px}html[data-theme=platforms] .hero-copy{text-align:center}html[data-theme=platforms] h1{font-size:2.25rem}html[data-theme=platforms] h2{font-size:1.75rem}html[data-theme=platforms] .hero-copy>.eyebrow{font-size:.75rem}html[data-theme=platforms] .hero-desc{font-size:.9375rem}html[data-theme=platforms] .portrait-scene{min-height:330px}html[data-theme=platforms] .portrait-caption{padding:12px 18px;inset-inline-end:12px}html[data-theme=platforms] .portrait-caption span{font-size:.875rem}html[data-theme=platforms] .section{padding-block:48px}html[data-theme=platforms] .about-grid{gap:24px}html[data-theme=platforms] .metrics{gap:12px}html[data-theme=platforms] .metrics>div{padding:18px!important}html[data-theme=platforms] .metrics strong{font-size:2.5rem}html[data-theme=platforms] .metrics h3{font-size:.9375rem}html[data-theme=platforms] .metrics p{font-size:.8125rem}html[data-theme=platforms] details{padding-inline:16px}html[data-theme=platforms] .project-title{font-size:1.25rem}html[data-theme=platforms] .project-title small{font-size:.8125rem}html[data-theme=platforms] .contact h2{font-size:1.875rem}html[data-large-text=true] .metrics,html[data-large-text=true] .papers,html[data-large-text=true] .credentials{grid-template-columns:1fr}html[data-large-text=true] .display-toolbar-inner{flex-wrap:wrap}html[data-large-text=true] .theme-picker{flex:1 1 100%;gap:10px}html[data-large-text=true] .theme-picker button{flex:1}html[data-large-text=true] .language-switch{margin-inline-start:0}html[data-large-text=true] .aff-label{border:0;margin:0;padding:0}html[data-large-text=true] .brand{flex-basis:100%}html[data-large-text=true] .accessibility-dialog{padding:18px}html[data-large-text=true] .dialog-heading{gap:8px}html[data-large-text=true] .dialog-heading h2{font-size:1.15rem}html[data-large-text=true] .contact-links>a,html[data-large-text=true] .contact-links>button{gap:12px}html[data-large-text=true] .email{font-size:1.1rem}html[data-large-text=true] .actions{align-items:stretch}html[data-large-text=true] .button{flex:1 1 100%;white-space:normal}html[data-large-text=true] .brand-mark{width:52px;height:52px}}
@media(max-width:480px){.display-toolbar-inner{flex-wrap:wrap}.theme-picker{flex:1 1 auto}.accessibility-open{margin-inline-start:auto}.display-toolbar-inner{padding-block:10px}html[lang=en] .accessibility-open{font-size:.6875rem}html[lang=en] .theme-picker button{font-size:.6875rem}html[data-theme=platforms] .aff-label{font-size:.625rem}html[data-theme=platforms] .affiliation small{font-size:.6875rem}}
@media print{.display-toolbar,.accessibility-dialog,.research-count{display:none!important}html{font-size:100%!important}header{display:none!important}}
@media(forced-colors:active){button[aria-pressed=true]{outline:2px solid Highlight}.portrait-frame{outline:1px solid CanvasText}:focus-visible{outline:3px solid Highlight!important}.accessibility-option input{forced-color-adjust:auto}}
.accessibility-dialog .dialog-heading h2{font-family:inherit;font-size:1.375rem;line-height:1.5;letter-spacing:0;font-weight:600}@media(max-width:760px){html[data-large-text=true] .accessibility-dialog .dialog-heading h2{font-size:1.15rem}}
.text-size-group input[type=range]{direction:ltr}.metrics strong,.metrics h3,.contact-links a span,.contact-links button span{overflow-wrap:anywhere}.accessibility-dialog .dialog-heading h2{overflow-wrap:anywhere}
.accessibility-dialog{max-width:calc(100vw - 32px)}.text-size-group{padding:12px}.text-size-controls{gap:8px}.text-size-controls button{padding-inline:6px}.text-size-controls output{white-space:nowrap}@media(max-width:480px){html[data-large-text=true] .accessibility-dialog{padding:14px}html[data-large-text=true] .text-size-group{padding:10px}html[data-large-text=true] .text-size-controls{gap:6px}html[data-large-text=true] .text-size-controls button{min-width:44px}html[data-large-text=true] .text-size-controls output{font-size:1rem}}